一、for命令 在shell编程中,有时我们需要重复执行一直命令直至达到某个特定的条件,bash shell中,提供了for命令,允许你创建一个遍历一系列值的循环,每次迭代都通过一个该系列中的值执行一组预定义的命令。for的基本格式: for var in list do commands done 在list中,你提供了迭代中要用的一系列值。在每个迭代中,变量var包含列表中的当前值,第一个迭代会适用列表中的第一个值,第二个迭代使用第二个值,以此类推,直至列表中的所有值都过一遍。1.1读取列表中的值 [root@sh shell]# cat for1.sh #!/bin/bash for test in aaa bbb ccc ddd do echo the next state is $test done
[root@sh shell]# sh for1.sh the next state is aaa the next state is bbb the next state is ccc the next state is ddd$test变量的值会在shell脚本的最后一次迭代中一直保持有效,除非你修改了它 [root@sh shell]# cat for1.sh #!/bin/bash for test in aaa bbb ccc ddd do echo the next state is $test done echo "the last state we visited was $test" test=fff echo "wait. now we"re visiting $test"
[root@sh shell]# sh for1.sh the next state is aaa the next state is bbb the next state is ccc the next state is ddd the last state we visited was ddd wait. now we"re visiting fff1.2读取列表中的复杂值 在shell脚本中,优势你会遇到难处理的数。下面是个给shell脚本程序员带来麻烦的经典例子: [root@sh shell]# cat for2.sh #!/bin/bash for test in I don"t know if this"ll work do echo "word:$test" done
[root@sh shell]# sh for2.sh word:I word:dont know if thisll word:work解决办法:使用转义符或者双引号 [root@sh shell]# cat for2.sh #!/bin/bash for test in I don"t know if "this"ll" work do echo "word:$test" done
list="aaa bbb ccc ddd eee" list=$list" Connecticut" for state in $list
do echo "Have you ever visited $state" done
[root@sh shell]# sh for3.sh Have you ever visited aaa Have you ever visited bbb Have you ever visited ccc Have you ever visited ddd Have you ever visited eee Have you ever visited Connecticut1.4从命令读取值 [root@sh shell]# cat for4.sh #!/bin/bash file="/root/shell/states" #如果是在当前不用绝对路径,file=“states”即可
for state in `cat $file` do echo "Visit beautiful $state" done
IFS=$"
" for state in `cat $file` do echo "Visit beautiful $state" done
[root@sh shell]# sh for5.sh Visit beautiful shanghai Visit beautiful beijing Visit beautiful hangzhou Visit beautiful nanjing Visit beautiful guang zhou Visit beautiful nan ning Visit beautiful jiang nan在处理长脚本中,可能在一个地方需要修改IFS的值,然后忘掉它在脚本中其他地方还原默认值。 例如: IFS.OLD=$IFS IFS=$"
" <use the new IFS value in code> IFS=$IFS.OLD其他的IFS值,如:在/etc/passwd中可能用到 IFS=:也可以赋值多个IFS: IFS=$"
:;""1.6用通配符读取目录 [root@sh shell]# cat for6.sh #!/bin/bash for file in /home/* do
if [ -d "$file" ];then echo "$file is a directory" elif [ -f "$file" ];then echo "$file is a file" fi
done
[root@sh shell]# sh for6.sh /home/apache-tomcat-8.0.28.tar.gz is a file /home/dir1 is a directory /home/dir2 is a directory /home/fie1 is a file /home/fie2 is a file /home/fie22 is a file[root@sh shell]# cat for7.sh #!/bin/bash for file in /home/* /home/badtest do
if [ -d "$file" ];then echo "$file is a directory" elif [ -f "$file" ];then echo "$file is a file" else echo "$file doesn"t exist" fi
done [root@sh shell]# sh for7.sh /home/apache-tomcat-8.0.28.tar.gz is a file /home/dir1 is a directory /home/dir2 is a directory /home/fie1 is a file /home/fie2 is a file /home/fie22 is a file /home/badtest doesn"t exist二、C语言风格的for命令 2.1 C语言风格的for命令 C语言的for命令有一个用来指明变量的特殊方法、一个必须保持成立才能继续迭代的条件,以及另一个为每个迭代改变变量的方法。当指定的条件不成立时,for循环就会停止。条件等式通过标准的数字符号定义。 for (i=0; i<10; i++) { printf("The next number is %d
",i): } 第一部分将一个默认值赋给该变量,中间的部分定义了循环重复的条件,当定义的条件不成立时,for循环就停止迭代,最后一部分定义了迭代的过程。bash中C语言风格的for循环的基本格式: for (( variable assignment;condition;iteration process)) for (( a = 1; a < 10; a++ ))[root@sh shell]# cat c1.sh #!/bin/bash
for (( i=1; i < 10; i++ )) do echo "The next number is $i" done
[root@sh shell]# sh c1.sh The next number is 1 The next number is 2 The next number is 3 The next number is 4 The next number is 5 The next number is 6 The next number is 7 The next number is 8 The next number is 92.2使用多个变量 C语言风格的for命令也允许你为迭代使用多个变量。循环会单独处理每个变量,允许你为每个变量定义不同的迭代过程。当你有多个变量时,你只能在for循环中定义一种条件: [root@sh shell]# cat c2.sh #!/bin/bash
for (( a=1, b=10; a <= 10; a++, b-- )) do echo "$a - $b" done
[root@sh shell]# sh c2.sh 1 - 10 2 - 9 3 - 8 4 - 7 5 - 6 6 - 5 7 - 4 8 - 3 9 - 2 10 - 1三、while命令 while命令在某种意义上是if-then语句和for循环的混杂体。while命令允许你定义一个要测试的命令,然后循环执行一组命令,只要定义的测试命令返回的是退出状态码0,它就会在每个迭代的一开始测试test命令,在测试test命令返回非零退出状态码是,while命令会停止执行那组命令。3.1while的基本格式 while test command do other command done while命令指定的test命令的退出状态码必须随着循环中运行的命令改变,如果退出状态码从不改变,那么while循环将会一直不停地循环。[root@sh shell]# cat w1.sh #!/bin/bash
var1=10 while [ $var1 -gt 0 ] do echo $var1 var1=$[ $var1 - 1 ] done
while echo $var1 [ $var1 -ge 0 ] do echo "This is inside the loop" var1=$[ $var1 - 1 ] done
[root@sh shell]# sh w2.sh 10 This is inside the loop 9 This is inside the loop 8 This is inside the loop 7 This is inside the loop 6 This is inside the loop 5 This is inside the loop 4 This is inside the loop 3 This is inside the loop 2 This is inside the loop 1 This is inside the loop 0 This is inside the loop -1 在上面的例子中,while语句中定义了两个测试命令: while echo $var1 [ $var1 -ge 0 ]在while语句中,在每次迭代中所有的测试命令都会被执行,包括最后一个命令不成立的最后那次循环。注意每个测试命令都是在单独的一行上。四、until命令 until命令和while命令工作的方式完全相反,until命令要求你指定一个通常输出非零退出状态码的测试命令,只有在测试命令的退出状态码非零,bash shell才会指定循环中列出的那些命令,一旦测试命令返回了退出状态码0,循环就结束了。4.1 until命令的基本格式 until test commands do other commands done4.2until语句中测试多条命令 [root@www shell]# cat u1.sh #!/bin/bash var1=100
until [ $var1 -eq 0 ] do echo $var1 var1=$[ $var1 - 25 ] done
[root@www shell]# sh u1.sh 100 75 50 25[root@www shell]# cat u2.sh #!/bin/bash var1=100 until echo $var1 [ $var1 -eq 0 ] do echo Inside the loop:$var1 var1=$[ $var1 -25 ] done [root@www shell]# sh u2.sh 100 Inside the loop:100 75 Inside the loop:75 50 Inside the loop:50 25 Inside the loop:25 0本文永久更新链接地址:http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2016-03/129308.htm