C语言中可以用bsearch()实现二分查找。同qsort()一样,bsearch()也包含在glibc库中,且同样要自定义比较函数。其原型如下:void *bsearch(const void *key, const void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));key指向所要查找的元素,base指向进行查找的数组,nmemb为查找长度,一般为数组长度,size为每个元素所占的字节数,一般用sizeof(...)表示,compar指向比较函数,它定义比较的规则。需要注意的是,数据必须是经过预先排序的,而排序的规则要和compar所指向比较函数的规则相同。如果查找成功则返回数组中匹配元素的地址,反之则返回空。对于有多于一个的元素匹配成功的情况,bsearch()未定义返回哪一个。bsearch实现(glibc) 从glibc的代码可以看到,bsearch的实现是很简洁的: /* Perform a binary search for KEY in BASE which has NMEMB elements of SIZE bytes each. The comparisons are done by (*COMPAR)(). */ void * bsearch (const void *key, const void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, int (*compar) (const void *, const void *)) { size_t l, u, idx; const void *p; int comparison; l = 0; u = nmemb; while (l < u) { idx = (l + u) / 2; p = (void *) (((const char *) base) + (idx * size)); comparison = (*compar) (key, p); if (comparison < 0) u = idx; else if (comparison > 0) l = idx + 1; else return (void *) p; }
return NULL; } bsearch_less的实现 参考bsearch的实现,我们可以实现bsearch的变形,来找到不大于key的最接近的那个数: void * bsearch_less (const void *key, const void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, int (*compar) (const void *, const void *)) { int l, u, idx; const void *p; int comparison; l = 0; u = nmemb - 1; while (l <= u) { idx = (l + u) / 2; p = (void *) (((const char *) base) + (idx * size)); comparison = (*compar) (key, p); if (comparison < 0) u = idx - 1; else if (comparison > 0) l = idx + 1; else return (idx == 0) ? NULL : (void *) (((const char *) p) - size); } return (u < 0) ? NULL : (void *) (((const char *) base) + (u * size)); } bsearch_more的实现 参考bsearch的实现,我们可以实现bsearch的变形,来找到不小于key的最接近的那个数: void * bsearch_more(const void *key, const void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, int (*compar) (const void *, const void *)) { int l, u, idx; const void *p; int comparison; l = 0; u = nmemb - 1; while (l <= u) { idx = (l + u) / 2; p = (void *) (((const char *) base) + (idx * size)); comparison = (*compar) (key, p); if (comparison < 0) u = idx - 1; else if (comparison > 0) l = idx + 1; else return (idx == u) ? NULL : (void *) (((const char *) p) + size); } return (l > nmemb - 1) ? NULL : (void *) (((const char *) base) + (l * size)); } 示例: /* bsearch example */ #include <stdio.h> /* printf */ #include <stdlib.h> /* qsort, bsearch, NULL */void * bsearch_less (const void *key, const void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, int (*compar) (const void *, const void *)) { int l, u, idx; const void *p; int comparison; l = 0; u = nmemb - 1; while (l <= u) { idx = (l + u) / 2; p = (void *) (((const char *) base) + (idx * size)); comparison = (*compar) (key, p); if (comparison < 0) u = idx - 1; else if (comparison > 0) l = idx + 1; else return (idx == 0) ? NULL : (void *) (((const char *) p) - size); } return (u < 0) ? NULL : (void *) (((const char *) base) + (u * size)); }void * bsearch_more(const void *key, const void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, int (*compar) (const void *, const void *)) { int l, u, idx; const void *p; int comparison; l = 0; u = nmemb - 1; while (l <= u) { idx = (l + u) / 2; p = (void *) (((const char *) base) + (idx * size)); comparison = (*compar) (key, p); if (comparison < 0) u = idx - 1; else if (comparison > 0) l = idx + 1; else return (idx == u) ? NULL : (void *) (((const char *) p) + size); } return (l > nmemb - 1) ? NULL : (void *) (((const char *) base) + (l * size)); } int compareints (const void * a, const void * b) { return ( *(int*)a - *(int*)b ); }//int values[] = { 50, 20, 60, 40, 10, 30 }; int values[] = { 50, 20, 60, 30, 10, 30 };void test_bsearch_less(int key) { int* pItem = (int*) bsearch_less (&key, values, 6, sizeof (int), compareints); if (pItem!=NULL) printf ("%d is nearest less than %d int the array.
",*pItem, key); else printf ("no key is less than %d in the array.
",key); }void test_bsearch(int key) { int* pItem = (int*) bsearch (&key, values, 6, sizeof (int), compareints); if (pItem!=NULL) printf ("%d is in the array.
",*pItem); else printf ("%d is not in the array.
",key);}void test_bsearch_more(int key) { int* pItem = (int*) bsearch_more(&key, values, 6, sizeof (int), compareints); if (pItem!=NULL) printf ("%d is nearest more than %d int the array.
",*pItem, key); else printf ("no key is more than %d in the array.
",key); }void print_values(int* base, size_t nmemb) { printf("values: "); for (size_t i = 0; i < nmemb; ++i) { printf("%d ", *(base+i)); } printf("
"); }int main(int argc, char** argv) { if (argc < 2) { printf("usage: ./bsearch_example num
"); return -1; } int key = atoi(argv[1]); qsort (values, 6, sizeof (int), compareints);
print_values(values,6); test_bsearch(key); test_bsearch_less(key); test_bsearch_more(key); return 0; } 运行结果:[root@VM_174_171_CentOS algorithm]# ./bsearch_example 1values: 10 20 30 30 50 601 is not in the array.no key is less than 1 in the array.10 is nearest more than 1 int the array.[root@VM_174_171_centos algorithm]# ./bsearch_example 10values: 10 20 30 30 50 6010 is in the array.no key is less than 10 in the array.20 is nearest more than 10 int the array.[root@VM_174_171_centos algorithm]# ./bsearch_example 30values: 10 20 30 30 50 6030 is in the array.20 is nearest less than 30 int the array.30 is nearest more than 30 int the array.[root@VM_174_171_centos algorithm]# ./bsearch_example 55values: 10 20 30 30 50 6055 is not in the array.50 is nearest less than 55 int the array.60 is nearest more than 55 int the array.[root@VM_174_171_centos algorithm]# ./bsearch_example 60values: 10 20 30 30 50 6060 is in the array.50 is nearest less than 60 int the array.no key is more than 60 in the array.[root@VM_174_171_centos algorithm]# ./bsearch_example 61values: 10 20 30 30 50 6061 is not in the array.60 is nearest less than 61 int the array.no key is more than 61 in the array.本文永久更新链接地址:http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2016-01/127433.htm