Python中的异常处理
异常处理的语句结构
try:<statements>#运行try语句块,并试图捕获异常except <name1>:<statements>#如果name1异常发现,那么执行该语句块。except (name2, name3):<statements>#如果元组内的任意异常发生,那么捕获它except <name4> as <variable>:<statements>#如果name4异常发生,那么进入该语句块,并把异常实例命名为variableexcept:<statements>#发生了以上所有列出的异常之外的异常else:<statements>#如果没有异常发生,那么执行该语句块finally:<statement> #无论是否有异常发生,均会执行该语句块。说明
- else和finally是可选的,可能会有0个或多个except,但是,如果出现一个else的话,必须有至少一个except。
- 不管你如何指定异常,异常总是通过实例对象来识别,并且大多数时候在任意给定的时刻激活。一旦异常在程序中某处由一条except子句捕获,它就死掉了,除非由另一个raise语句或错误重新引发它。
raise语句
raise语句用来手动抛出一个异常,有下面几种调用格式:
- raise #可以在raise语句之前创建该实例或者在raise语句中创建。
- raise #Python会隐式地创建类的实例
- raise name(value) #抛出异常的同时,提供额外信息value
- raise # 把最近一次产生的异常重新抛出来
- raise exception from E
例如:
抛出带有额外信息的ValueError: raise ValueError("we can only accept positive values")
当使用from的时候,第二个表达式指定了另一个异常类或实例,它会附加到引发异常的__cause__属性。如果引发的异常没有捕获,Python把异常也作为标准出错消息的一部分打印出来:
比如下面的代码:
try:1/0except Exception as E:raise TypeError("bad input") from E执行的结果如下:
Traceback (most recent call last):File "hh.py", line 2, in <module>1/0ZeroDivisionError: division by zeroThe above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:Traceback (most recent call last):File "hh.py", line 4, in <module>raise TypeError("bad input") from ETypeError: bad inputassert语句
assert主要用来做断言,通常用在单元测试中较多,到时候再做介绍。
with...as语句
with语句支持更丰富的基于对象的协议,可以为代码块定义支持进入和离开动作。
with语句对应的环境管理协议要求如下:
- 环境管理器必须有
__enter__和__exit__方法。
__enter__方法会在初始化的时候运行,如果存在ass子在,__enter__函数的返回值会赋值给as子句中的变量,否则,直接丢弃。
代码块中嵌套的代码会执行。
如果with代码块引发异常,__exit__(type,value,traceback)方法就会被调用(带有异常细节)。这些也是由 sys.exc_info返回的相同值.如果此方法返回值为假,则异常会重新引发。否则,异常会终止。正常 情况下异常是应该被重新引发,这样的话才能传递到with语句之外。
如果with代码块没有引发异常,__exit__方法依然会被调用,其type、value以及traceback参数都会以None传递。
下面为一个简单的自定义的上下文管理类。
class Block:def __enter__(self):print("entering to the block")return selfdef prt(self, args):print("this is the block we do %s" % args)def __exit__(self,exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):if exc_type is None:print("exit normally without exception")else:print("found exception: %s, and detailed info is %s" % (exc_type, exc_value))return Falsewith Block() as b:b.prt("actual work!")raise ValueError("wrong")如果注销到上面的raise语句,那么会正常退出。
在没有注销掉该raise语句的情况下,运行结果如下:
entering to the blockthis is the block we do actual work!found exception: <class "ValueError">, and detailed info is wrongTraceback (most recent call last):File "hh.py", line 18, in <module>raise ValueError("wrong")ValueError: wrong异常处理器
如果发生异常,那么通过调用sys.exc_info()函数,可以返回包含3个元素的元组。 第一个元素就是引发异常类,而第二个是实际引发的实例,第三个元素traceback对象,代表异常最初发生时调用的堆栈。如果一切正常,那么会返回3个None。
Python的Builtins模块中定义的Exception
|Exception Name|Description||BaseException|Root class for all exceptions|| SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter||KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)||Exception|Root class for regular exceptions|| StopIteration|Iteration has no further values|| GeneratorExit|Exception sent to generator to tell it to quit|| SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter|| StandardError|Base class for all standard built-in exceptions|| ArithmeticError|Base class for all numeric calculation errors|| FloatingPointError|Error in floating point calculation|| OverflowError|Calculation exceeded maximum limit for numerical type|| ZeroDivisionError|Division (or modulus) by zero error (all numeric types)|| AssertionError|Failure of assert statement|| AttributeError|No such object attribute|| EOFError|End-of-file marker reached without input from built-in|| EnvironmentError|Base class for operating system environment errors|| IOError|Failure of input/output operation|| OSError|Operating system error|| WindowsError|MS Windows system call failure|| ImportError|Failure to import module or object|| KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)|| LookupError|Base class for invalid data lookup errors|| IndexError|No such index in sequence|| KeyError|No such key in mapping|| MemoryError|Out-of-memory error (non-fatal to Python interpreter)|| NameError|Undeclared/uninitialized object(non-attribute)|| UnboundLocalError|Access of an uninitialized local variable|| ReferenceError|Weak reference tried to access a garbage collected object|| RuntimeError|Generic default error during execution|| NotImplementedError|Unimplemented method|| SyntaxError|Error in Python syntax|| IndentationError|Improper indentation|| TabErrorg|Improper mixture of TABs and spaces|| SystemError|Generic interpreter system error|| TypeError|Invalid operation for type|| ValueError|Invalid argument given|| UnicodeError|Unicode-related error|| UnicodeDecodeError|Unicode error during decoding|| UnicodeEncodeError|Unicode error during encoding|| UnicodeTranslate Error|Unicode error during translation|| Warning|Root class for all warnings|| DeprecationWarning|Warning about deprecated features|| FutureWarning|Warning about constructs that will change semantically in the future|| OverflowWarning|Old warning for auto-long upgrade|| PendingDeprecation Warning|Warning about features that will be deprecated in the future|| RuntimeWarning|Warning about dubious runtime behavior|| SyntaxWarning|Warning about dubious syntax|| UserWarning|Warning generated by user code|下面关于Python的文章您也可能喜欢,不妨看看:Python:在指定目录下查找满足条件的文件 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-08/121283.htmPython2.7.7源码分析 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-08/121168.htm无需操作系统直接运行 Python 代码 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-05/117357.htmCentOS上源码安装Python3.4 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-01/111870.htm《Python核心编程 第二版》.(Wesley J. Chun ).[高清PDF中文版] http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-06/85425.htm《Python开发技术详解》.( 周伟,宗杰).[高清PDF扫描版+随书视频+代码] http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-11/92693.htmPython脚本获取Linux系统信息 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-08/88531.htm在Ubuntu下用Python搭建桌面算法交易研究环境 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-11/92534.htmPython 语言的发展简史 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-09/107206.htm
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