Python装饰器,分两部分,一是装饰器本身的定义,一是被装饰器对象的定义。一、函数式装饰器:装饰器本身是一个函数。1.装饰函数:被装饰对象是一个函数[1]装饰器无参数:a.被装饰对象无参数:>>> def test(func): def _test(): print "Call the function %s()."%func.func_name return func() return _test >>> @testdef say():return "hello world" >>> say()Call the function say()."hello world">>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:>>> def test(func): def _test(*args,**kw): print "Call the function %s()."%func.func_name return func(*args,**kw) return _test >>> @testdef left(Str,Len): #The parameters of _test can be "(Str,Len)" in this case. return Str[:Len] >>> left("hello world",5)Call the function left()."hello">>>
[2]装饰器有参数:a.被装饰对象无参数:>>> def test(printResult=False): def _test(func): def __test(): print "Call the function %s()."%func.func_name if printResult: print func() else: return func() return __test return _test >>> @test(True)def say():return "hello world" >>> say()Call the function say().hello world>>> @test(False)def say():return "hello world" >>> say()Call the function say()."hello world">>> @test()def say():return "hello world" >>> say()Call the function say()."hello world">>> @testdef say():return "hello world" >>> say() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#224>", line 1, in <module> say()TypeError: _test() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)>>>
由上面这段代码中的最后两个例子可知:当装饰器有参数时,即使你启用装饰器的默认参数,不另外传递新值进去,也必须有一对括号,否则编译器会直接将func传递给test(),而不是传递给_test()b.被装饰对象有参数:>>> def test(printResult=False): def _test(func): def __test(*args,**kw): print "Call the function %s()."%func.func_name if printResult: print func(*args,**kw) else: return func(*args,**kw) return __test return _test >>> @test()def left(Str,Len): #The parameters of __test can be "(Str,Len)" in this case. return Str[:Len] >>> left("hello world",5)Call the function left()."hello">>> @test(True)def left(Str,Len): #The parameters of __test can be "(Str,Len)" in this case. return Str[:Len] >>> left("hello world",5)Call the function left().hello>>>
2.装饰类:被装饰的对象是一个类[1]装饰器无参数:a.被装饰对象无参数:>>> def test(cls): def _test(): clsName=re.findall("(w+)",repr(cls))[-1] print "Call %s.__init()."%clsName return cls() return _test >>> @testclass sy(object): value=32 >>> s=sy()Call sy.__init().>>> s<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000002C3E390>>>> s.value32>>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:>>> def test(cls): def _test(*args,**kw): clsName=re.findall("(w+)",repr(cls))[-1] print "Call %s.__init()."%clsName return cls(*args,**kw) return _test >>> @testclass sy(object): def __init__(self,value):<br> #The parameters of _test can be "(value)" in this case. self.value=value >>> s=sy("hello world")Call sy.__init().>>> s<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AF7748>>>> s.value"hello world">>>
[2]装饰器有参数:a.被装饰对象无参数:>>> def test(printValue=True): def _test(cls): def __test(): clsName=re.findall("(w+)",repr(cls))[-1] print "Call %s.__init()."%clsName obj=cls() if printValue: print "value = %r"%obj.value return obj return __test return _test >>> @test()class sy(object): def __init__(self): self.value=32 >>> s=sy()Call sy.__init().value = 32>>> @test(False)class sy(object): def __init__(self): self.value=32 >>> s=sy()Call sy.__init().>>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:>>> def test(printValue=True): def _test(cls): def __test(*args,**kw): clsName=re.findall("(w+)",repr(cls))[-1] print "Call %s.__init()."%clsName obj=cls(*args,**kw) if printValue: print "value = %r"%obj.value return obj return __test return _test >>> @test()class sy(object): def __init__(self,value): self.value=value >>> s=sy("hello world")Call sy.__init().value = "hello world">>> @test(False)class sy(object): def __init__(self,value): self.value=value>>> s=sy("hello world")Call sy.__init().>>>
二、类式装饰器:装饰器本身是一个类,借用__init__()和__call__()来实现职能1.装饰函数:被装饰对象是一个函数[1]装饰器无参数:a.被装饰对象无参数:>>> class test(object): def __init__(self,func): self._func=func def __call__(self): return self._func() >>> @testdef say(): return "hello world" >>> say()"hello world">>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:>>> class test(object): def __init__(self,func): self._func=func def __call__(self,*args,**kw): return self._func(*args,**kw) >>> @testdef left(Str,Len): #The parameters of __call__ can be "(self,Str,Len)" in this case. return Str[:Len]>>> left("hello world",5)"hello">>>
[2]装饰器有参数a.被装饰对象无参数:>>> class test(object): def __init__(self,beforeinfo="Call function"): self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo def __call__(self,func): def _call(): print self.beforeInfo return func() return _call >>> @test()def say(): return "hello world" >>> say()Call function"hello world">>> 或者:>>> class test(object): def __init__(self,beforeinfo="Call function"): self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo def __call__(self,func): self._func=func return self._call def _call(self): print self.beforeInfo return self._func() >>> @test()def say(): return "hello world" >>> say()Call function"hello world">>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:>>> class test(object): def __init__(self,beforeinfo="Call function"): self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo def __call__(self,func): def _call(*args,**kw): print self.beforeInfo return func(*args,**kw) return _call>>> @test()def left(Str,Len): #The parameters of _call can be "(Str,Len)" in this case. return Str[:Len] >>> left("hello world",5)Call function"hello">>> 或者:>>> class test(object): def __init__(self,beforeinfo="Call function"): self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo def __call__(self,func): self._func=func return self._call def _call(self,*args,**kw): print self.beforeInfo return self._func(*args,**kw) >>> @test()def left(Str,Len): #The parameters of _call can be "(self,Str,Len)" in this case. return Str[:Len] >>> left("hello world",5)Call function"hello">>>
2.装饰类:被装饰对象是一个类[1]装饰器无参数:a.被装饰对象无参数:>>> class test(object): def __init__(self,cls): self._cls=cls def __call__(self): return self._cls() >>> @testclass sy(object): def __init__(self): self.value=32 >>> s=sy()>>> s<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>>>> s.value32>>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:>>> class test(object): def __init__(self,cls): self._cls=cls def __call__(self,*args,**kw): return self._cls(*args,**kw) >>> @testclass sy(object): def __init__(self,value): #The parameters of __call__ can be "(self,value)" in this case. self.value=value >>> s=sy("hello world")>>> s<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>>>> s.value"hello world">>>
[2]装饰器有参数:a.被装饰对象无参数:>>> class test(object): def __init__(self,printValue=False): self._printValue=printValue def __call__(self,cls): def _call(): obj=cls() if self._printValue: print "value = %r"%obj.value return obj return _call >>> @test(True)class sy(object): def __init__(self): self.value=32 >>> s=sy()value = 32>>> s<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB50B8>>>> s.value32>>>
b.被装饰对象有参数:>>> class test(object): def __init__(self,printValue=False): self._printValue=printValue def __call__(self,cls): def _call(*args,**kw): obj=cls(*args,**kw) if self._printValue: print "value = %r"%obj.value return obj return _call >>> @test(True)class sy(object): def __init__(self,value): #The parameters of _call can be "(value)" in this case. self.value=value >>> s=sy("hello world")value = "hello world">>> s<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB5588>>>> s.value"hello world">>>
总结:【1】@decorator后面不带括号时(也即装饰器无参数时),效果就相当于先定义func或cls,而后执行赋值操作func=decorator(func)或cls=decorator(cls); 【2】@decorator后面带括号时(也即装饰器有参数时),效果就相当于先定义func或cls,而后执行赋值操作 func=decorator(decoratorArgs)(func)或cls=decorator(decoratorArgs)(cls); 【3】如上将func或cls重新赋值后,此时的func或cls也不再是原来定义时的func或cls,而是一个可执行体,你只需要传入参数就可调用,func(args)=>返回值或者输出,cls(args)=>object of cls; 【4】最后通过赋值返回的执行体是多样的,可以是闭包,也可以是外部函数;当被装饰的是一个类时,还可以是类内部方法,函数; 【5】另外要想真正了解装饰器,一定要了解func.func_code.co_varnames,func.func_defaults,通过它们你可以以func的定义之外,还原func的参数列表;另外关键字参数是因为调用而出现的,而不是因为func的定义,func的定义中的用等号连接的只是有默认值的参数,它们并不一定会成为关键字参数,因为你仍然可以按照位置来传递它们。--------------------------------------分割线 --------------------------------------CentOS上源码安装Python3.4 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-01/111870.htm《Python核心编程 第二版》.(Wesley J. Chun ).[高清PDF中文版] http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-06/85425.htm《Python开发技术详解》.( 周伟,宗杰).[高清PDF扫描版+随书视频+代码] http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-11/92693.htmPython脚本获取Linux系统信息 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-08/88531.htm在Ubuntu下用Python搭建桌面算法交易研究环境 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-11/92534.htmPython 语言的发展简史 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-09/107206.htmPython 的详细介绍:请点这里
Python 的下载地址:请点这里 本文永久更新链接地址:http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-04/116049.htm