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首页 / 数据库 / MySQL / Oracle 11g 数据装载的几种方式

数据的装载:
  • SQL*LOADER
  • 外部表
  • 导入/导出
SQL*LOADER:SQL*LOADER是一个Oracle工具,能够将数据从外部数据文件装载到数据库中。运行SQL*LOADER的命令是sqlldr。Sqlldr的两种使用方式:1. 只使用一个控制文件,在这个控制文件中包含数据2. 使用一个控制文件(作为模板) 和一个数据文件一般采用第二种方式,数据文件可以是 CSV 文件、txt文件或者以其他分割符分隔的。说明:操作类型 可用以下中的一值:1) insert   --为缺省方式,在数据装载开始时要求表为空2) append  --在表中追加新记录3) replace  --删除旧记录(用 delete from table 语句),替换成新装载的记录4) truncate --删除旧记录(用 truncate table 语句),替换成新装载的记录通过spool来制作数据文件:--可以查询帮助文档的示例代码SQL> spool /u01/app/oracle/test_data_loader/student.txt--开启spool导出数据文件
SQL> select id ||"," || name ||"," || age ||"," || inner_date from student;--导出数据ID||","||NAME||","||AGE||","||INNER_DATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1,zhangsan,21,23-JAN-15
2,lisi,22,23-JAN-15
3,wangwu,23,23-JAN-15SQL> spool off;--关闭
SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
[oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$ cat student.txt--可以查看到导出的数据记录
SQL> select id ||"," || name ||"," || age ||"," || inner_date from student;ID||","||NAME||","||AGE||","||INNER_DATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1,zhangsan,21,23-JAN-15
2,lisi,22,23-JAN-15
3,wangwu,23,23-JAN-15SQL> spool off;写配置文件:
[oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$ vi student.ctl
[oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$ cat student.ctl
options(skip=4)--表示前面的四行
load data--导入数据
infile "student.txt"--通过该文件导入数据
into table student--导入的表
insert--执行的是插入操作
fields terminated by ","--记录中的分割符

id char,--注意虽然表中是number类型,但是要写char类型
name char,
age char,
inner_date date nullif (inner_date = "null"))
[oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$既然是insert操作所以:
SQL> truncate table student;--清空表,由于执行的是插入操作Table truncated.SQL> select * from student;no rows selected执行sqlldr操作:
[oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$ sqlldr hr/hr control= student.ctl log = student.logSQL*Loader: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Jan 23 23:11:08 2015Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.Commit point reached - logical record count 4
[oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$ cat student.logSQL*Loader: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Jan 23 23:11:08 2015Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.Control File: student.ctl
Data File:      student.txt
  Bad File:   student.bad
  Discard File:  none specified(Allow all discards)Number to load: ALL
Number to skip: 4
Errors allowed: 50
Bind array:   64 rows, maximum of 256000 bytes
Continuation:    none specified
Path used:      ConventionalTable STUDENT, loaded from every logical record.
Insert option in effect for this table: INSERT Column Name                  Position Len  Term Encl Datatype
------------------------------ ---------- ----- ---- ---- ---------------------
ID                                  FIRST   * ,     CHARACTER
NAME                               NEXT   * ,     CHARACTER
AGE                                  NEXT   * ,     CHARACTER
INNER_DATE                         NEXT   * ,     DATE DD-MON-RR
    NULL if INNER_DATE = 0X6e756c6c(character "null")Record 4: Rejected - Error on table STUDENT, column ID.
Column not found before end of logical record (use TRAILING NULLCOLS)Table STUDENT:
  3 Rows successfully loaded.
  1 Row not loaded due to data errors.
  0 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed.
  0 Rows not loaded because all fields were null.
Space allocated for bind array:                  66048 bytes(64 rows)
Read buffer bytes: 1048576Total logical records skipped:          4
Total logical records read:           4
Total logical records rejected:       1
Total logical records discarded:        0Run began on Fri Jan 23 23:11:08 2015
Run ended on Fri Jan 23 23:11:08 2015Elapsed time was:   00:00:00.10
CPU time was:       00:00:00.01
[oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$ sqlplus hr/hrSQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Fri Jan 23 23:13:14 2015Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing optionsSQL> select * from student;        ID NAME                        AGE INNER_DATE
---------- -------------------- ---------- ------------
       1 zhangsan                   21 23-JAN-15
       2 lisi                       22 23-JAN-15
       3 wangwu                     23 23-JAN-15SQL> exit 外部表:
外部表中的数据不装入数据库中,数据库中只存储外部表的定义信息,实际的数据位于操作系统的平面文件中,
但是,可以在数据库中,像访问正常表那样,通过select语句来访问操作系统中的平面文件中所含有的数据。
外部表是只读的。
可以使用SQL,PL/SQL和JAVA访问外部表。
外表表分为2种:使用数据泵引擎生成的外部表、SQL> create table student_re(re_id,re_name,re_age,re_inner_date)
organization external

type oracle_datapump--外部表生成方式是数据泵
default directory test_impdp_expdp--默认的路径
location("student.dmp")--通过路径和文件名生成外部表在操作系统的平面数据文件

parallel--并行
as
select * from student;  2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9 10Table created.SQL> !ls
student.dmp  STUENT_17109.log
SQL>  select * from stuent;   RE_ID RE_NAME                  RE_AGE RE_INNER_DAT
---------- -------------------- ---------- ------------
       1 zhangsan                   21 23-JAN-15
       2 lisi                       22 23-JAN-15
       3 wangwu                     23 23-JAN-15SQL>根据文本文件创建的外部表。
SQL> spool student.txtID||","||NAME||","||AGE||","||INNER_DATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1,zhangsan,21,23-JAN-15
2,lisi,22,23-JAN-15
3,wangwu,23,23-JAN-15SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
[oracle@localhost test_impdp_expdp]$ vi student.txt
[oracle@localhost test_impdp_expdp]$ sqlplus hr/hrSQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Sat Jan 24 00:05:18 2015Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing optionsSQL> create table student_re_2--该外部表的名称下面列是外部表的建表语句,而上面通过数据泵的表是通过as select from tab来建立的。
  2  (id number,name varchar2(20),age number(10),inner_date date)
  3  organization external
  4  ( type oracle_loader--外部文件方式
  5    default directory test_impdp_expdp--默认的目录
  6    access parameters--访问外部文件所遵守的格式
  7    (
  records delimited by newline--记录分隔符
  fields terminated by ","--字段分隔符
  8    ) location ("student.txt")--位置
  );  9 10 11Table created.SQL> select * from student_re_2;        ID NAME                        AGE INNER_DATE
---------- -------------------- ---------- ------------
       1 zhangsan                   21 23-JAN-15
       2 lisi                       22 23-JAN-15
       3 wangwu                     23 23-JAN-15SQL>更多Oracle相关信息见Oracle 专题页面 http://www.linuxidc.com/topicnews.aspx?tid=12本文永久更新链接地址