点击第一个按钮,切换到第二个界面,点击第二个按钮,切换到第三个界面,然后点击Back键依次回退。这像不像初学Android时的Activity跳转,当然了,这里肯定不是,不然我就跪了。这里是Fragment实现的,用户点击Back,实际是Fragment回退栈不断的弹栈。
如何添加一个Fragment事务到回退栈:
FragmentTransaction.addToBackStack(String)
下面讲解代码:很明显一共是3个Fragment和一个Activity.
先看Activity的布局文件:
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" > <FrameLayout android:id="@+id/id_content" android:layout_width="fill_parent" android:layout_height="fill_parent" > </FrameLayout> </RelativeLayout>不同的Fragment就在这个FrameLayout中显示。
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.Window; public class MainActivity extends Activity { @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.add(R.id.id_content, new FragmentOne(),"ONE"); tx.commit(); } }很简单,直接将FragmentOne添加到布局文件中的FrameLayout中,注意这里并没有调用FragmentTransaction.addToBackStack(String),因为我不喜欢在当前显示时,点击Back键出现白板。而是正确的相应Back键,即退出我们的Activity.
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.View.OnClickListener; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.Button; public class FragmentOne extends Fragment implements OnClickListener { private Button mBtn; @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_one, container, false); mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_one_btn); mBtn.setOnClickListener(this); return view; } @Override public void onClick(View v) { FragmentTwo fTwo = new FragmentTwo(); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.replace(R.id.id_content, fTwo, "TWO"); tx.addToBackStack(null); tx.commit(); } }我们在点击FragmentOne中的按钮时,使用了replace方法,如果你看了前一篇博客,一定记得replace是remove和add的合体,并且如果不添加事务到回退栈,前一个Fragment实例会被销毁。这里很明显,我们调用tx.addToBackStack(null);将当前的事务添加到了回退栈,所以FragmentOne实例不会被销毁,但是视图层次依然会被销毁,即会调用onDestoryView和onCreateView,证据就是:仔细看上面的效果图,我们在跳转前在文本框输入的内容,在用户Back得到第一个界面的时候不见了。
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.View.OnClickListener; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.Button; public class FragmentTwo extends Fragment implements OnClickListener { private Button mBtn ; @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_two, container, false); mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_two_btn); mBtn.setOnClickListener(this); return view ;} @Override public void onClick(View v) { FragmentThree fThree = new FragmentThree(); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.hide(this); tx.add(R.id.id_content , fThree, "THREE"); // tx.replace(R.id.id_content, fThree, "THREE"); tx.addToBackStack(null); tx.commit(); } }这里点击时,我们没有使用replace,而是先隐藏了当前的Fragment,然后添加了FragmentThree的实例,最后将事务添加到回退栈。这样做的目的是为了给大家提供一种方案:如果不希望视图重绘该怎么做,请再次仔细看效果图,我们在FragmentTwo的EditText填写的内容,用户Back回来时,数据还在~~~
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.View.OnClickListener; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.Button; import android.widget.Toast; public class FragmentThree extends Fragment implements OnClickListener { private Button mBtn; @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_three, container, false); mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_three_btn); mBtn.setOnClickListener(this); return view; } @Override public void onClick(View v) { Toast.makeText(getActivity(), " i am a btn in Fragment three", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } }好了,经过上面的介绍,应该已经知道Fragment回退栈是怎么一回事了,以及hide,replace等各自的应用的场景。
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.View.OnClickListener; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.Button; public class FragmentOne extends Fragment implements OnClickListener { private Button mBtn; /*** 设置按钮点击的回调* @author zhy**/ public interface FOneBtnClickListener { void onFOneBtnClick(); } @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_one, container, false); mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_one_btn); mBtn.setOnClickListener(this); return view; } /*** 交给宿主Activity处理,如果它希望处理*/ @Override public void onClick(View v) { if (getActivity() instanceof FOneBtnClickListener) { ((FOneBtnClickListener) getActivity()).onFOneBtnClick(); } } }可以看到现在的FragmentOne不和任何Activity耦合,任何Activity都可以使用;并且我们声明了一个接口,来回调其点击事件,想要管理其点击事件的Activity实现此接口就即可。可以看到我们在onClick中首先判断了当前绑定的Activity是否实现了该接口,如果实现了则调用。
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.View.OnClickListener; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.Button; public class FragmentTwo extends Fragment implements OnClickListener { private Button mBtn ; private FTwoBtnClickListener fTwoBtnClickListener ; public interface FTwoBtnClickListener { void onFTwoBtnClick(); } //设置回调接口 public void setfTwoBtnClickListener(FTwoBtnClickListener fTwoBtnClickListener) { this.fTwoBtnClickListener = fTwoBtnClickListener; } @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_two, container, false); mBtn = (Button) view.findViewById(R.id.id_fragment_two_btn); mBtn.setOnClickListener(this); return view ;} @Override public void onClick(View v) { if(fTwoBtnClickListener != null) { fTwoBtnClickListener.onFTwoBtnClick(); } } }与FragmentOne极其类似,但是我们提供了setListener这样的方法,意味着Activity不仅需要实现该接口,还必须显示调用mFTwo.setfTwoBtnClickListener(this)。
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.Window; import com.zhy.zhy_fragments.FragmentOne.FOneBtnClickListener; import com.zhy.zhy_fragments.FragmentTwo.FTwoBtnClickListener; public class MainActivity extends Activity implements FOneBtnClickListener, FTwoBtnClickListener { private FragmentOne mFOne; private FragmentTwo mFTwo; private FragmentThree mFThree; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); mFOne = new FragmentOne(); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFOne, "ONE"); tx.commit(); } /*** FragmentOne 按钮点击时的回调*/ @Override public void onFOneBtnClick() { if (mFTwo == null) { mFTwo = new FragmentTwo(); mFTwo.setfTwoBtnClickListener(this); } FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.replace(R.id.id_content, mFTwo, "TWO"); tx.addToBackStack(null); tx.commit(); } /*** FragmentTwo 按钮点击时的回调*/ @Override public void onFTwoBtnClick() { if (mFThree == null) { mFThree = new FragmentThree(); } FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.hide(mFTwo); tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFThree, "THREE"); // tx.replace(R.id.id_content, fThree, "THREE"); tx.addToBackStack(null); tx.commit(); } }代码重构结束,与开始的效果一模一样。上面两种通信方式都是值得推荐的,随便选择一种自己喜欢的。这里再提一下:虽然Fragment和Activity可以通过getActivity与findFragmentByTag或者findFragmentById,进行任何操作,甚至在Fragment里面操作另外的Fragment,但是没有特殊理由是绝对不提倡的。Activity担任的是Fragment间类似总线一样的角色,应当由它决定Fragment如何操作。另外虽然Fragment不能响应Intent打开,但是Activity可以,Activity可以接收Intent,然后根据参数判断显示哪个Fragment。
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.Window; public class MainActivity extends Activity { private FragmentOne mFOne; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); mFOne = new FragmentOne(); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFOne, "ONE"); tx.commit(); } }Fragment
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.util.Log; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.ViewGroup; public class FragmentOne extends Fragment { private static final String TAG = "FragmentOne"; @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { Log.e(TAG, "onCreateView"); View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_one, container, false); return view; } @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); Log.e(TAG, "onCreate"); } @Override public void onDestroyView() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub super.onDestroyView(); Log.e(TAG, "onDestroyView"); } @Override public void onDestroy() { // TODO Auto-generated method stub super.onDestroy(); Log.e(TAG, "onDestroy"); } }很简单的代码,当你运行之后,不断的旋转屏幕,你会发现每旋转一次屏幕,屏幕上就多了一个FragmentOne的实例,并且后台log会打印出许多套生命周期的回调。
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.util.Log; import android.view.Window; public class MainActivity extends Activity { private static final String TAG = "FragmentOne"; private FragmentOne mFOne; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); Log.e(TAG, savedInstanceState+""); if(savedInstanceState == null) { mFOne = new FragmentOne(); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFOne, "ONE"); tx.commit(); } } }现在无论进行多次旋转都只会有一个Fragment实例在Activity中。
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Fragment; import android.os.Bundle; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.Menu; import android.view.MenuInflater; import android.view.MenuItem; import android.view.View; import android.view.ViewGroup; import android.widget.Toast; public class FragmentOne extends Fragment { @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setHasOptionsMenu(true); } @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_one, container, false); return view; } @Override public void onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu, MenuInflater inflater) { inflater.inflate(R.menu.fragment_menu, menu); } @Override public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) { switch (item.getItemId()) { case R.id.id_menu_fra_test: Toast.makeText(getActivity(), "FragmentMenuItem1", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); break; } return true; } }Activity
package com.zhy.zhy_fragments; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.FragmentManager; import android.app.FragmentTransaction; import android.os.Bundle; import android.util.Log; import android.view.Menu; import android.view.MenuItem; import android.view.Window; import android.widget.Toast; public class MainActivity extends Activity { private static final String TAG = "FragmentOne"; private FragmentOne mFOne; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); Log.e(TAG, savedInstanceState + ""); if (savedInstanceState == null) { mFOne = new FragmentOne(); FragmentManager fm = getFragmentManager(); FragmentTransaction tx = fm.beginTransaction(); tx.add(R.id.id_content, mFOne, "ONE"); tx.commit(); } } @Override public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) { super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu); getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu); return true; } @Override public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) { switch (item.getItemId()) { case R.id.action_settings: Toast.makeText(this, "setting", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); return true; default: //如果希望Fragment自己处理MenuItem点击事件,一定不要忘了调用super.xxx return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item); } } }效果图:
好了,可以很好的看到,Fragment可以添加MenuItem,也可以自己处理点击~~~
6、没有布局的Fragment的作用
没有布局文件Fragment实际上是为了保存,当Activity重启时,保存大量数据准备的
请参考博客:Android 屏幕旋转 处理 AsyncTask 和 ProgressDialog 的最佳方案
7、使用Fragment创建对话框
这是Google推荐的方式,我也单独写过博客介绍,请参考:Android 官方推荐 : DialogFragment 创建对话框
好了,终于把Fragment相关的联系到一起了,上述基本包含了Fragment所有的用法~~~相信大家如果能够看完,一定有不少的收获~~~通过两种文章的结合学习,相信对fragment有不少收获吧,结合实际应用到项目中去吧,有任何问题,欢迎给我留言,谢谢!