使用Maps2007-05-28 yycnet.yeah.net yyc译Map(接口) 维持“键-值”对应关系(对),以便通过一个键查找相应的值
HashMap* 基于一个散列表实现(用它代替Hashtable)。针对“键-值”对的插入和检索,这种形式具有最稳定的性能。可通过构建器对这一性能进行调整,以便设置散列表的“能力”和“装载因子”
ArrayMap 由一个ArrayList后推得到的Map。对反复的顺序提供了精确的控制。面向非常小的Map设计,特别是那些需要经常创建和删除的。对于非常小的Map,创建和反复所付出的代价要比HashMap低得多。但在Map变大以后,性能也会相应地大幅度降低
TreeMap 在一个“红-黑”树的基础上实现。查看键或者“键-值”对时,它们会按固定的顺序排列(取决于Comparable或Comparator,稍后即会讲到)。TreeMap最大的好处就是我们得到的是已排好序的结果。TreeMap是含有subMap()方法的唯一一种Map,利用它可以返回树的一部分。
Map (interface)
| Maintains key-value associations (pairs), so you can look up a value using a key.
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HashMap*
| Implementation based on a hash table. (Use this instead of Hashtable.) Provides constant-time performance for inserting and locating pairs. Performance can be adjusted via constructors that allow you to set the capacity and load factor of the hash table.
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TreeMap
| Implementation based on a red-black tree. When you view the keys or the pairs, they will be in sorted order (determined by Comparable or Comparator, discussed later). The point of a TreeMap is that you get the results in sorted order. TreeMap is the only Map with the subMap() method, which allows you to return a portion of the tree.
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下例包含了两套测试数据以及一个fill()方法,利用该方法可以用任何两维数组(由Object构成)填充任何Map。这些工具也会在其他Map例子中用到。
//: Map1.java// Things you can do with Mapspackage c08.newcollections;import java.util.*;public class Map1 {public final static String[][] testData1 = {{ "Happy", "Cheerful disposition" },{ "Sleepy", "Prefers dark, quiet places" },{ "Grumpy", "Needs to work on attitude" },{ "Doc", "Fantasizes about advanced degree"},{ "Dopey", ""A" for effort" },{ "Sneezy", "Struggles with allergies" },{ "Bashful", "Needs self-esteem workshop"},};public final static String[][] testData2 = {{ "Belligerent", "Disruptive influence" },{ "Lazy", "Motivational problems" },{ "Comatose", "Excellent behavior" }};public static Map fill(Map m, Object[][] o) {for(int i = 0; i < o.length; i++)m.put(o[i][0], o[i][1]);return m;}// Producing a Set of the keys:public static void printKeys(Map m) {System.out.print("Size = " + m.size() +", ");System.out.print("Keys: ");Collection1.print(m.keySet());}// Producing a Collection of the values:public static void printValues(Map m) {System.out.print("Values: ");Collection1.print(m.values());}// Iterating through Map.Entry objects (pairs):public static void print(Map m) {Collection entries = m.entries();Iterator it = entries.iterator();while(it.hasNext()) {Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry)it.next();System.out.println("Key = " + e.getKey() +", Value = " + e.getValue());}}public static void test(Map m) {fill(m, testData1);// Map has "Set" behavior for keys:fill(m, testData1);printKeys(m);printValues(m);print(m);String key = testData1[4][0];String value = testData1[4][1];System.out.println("m.containsKey("" + key +""): " + m.containsKey(key));System.out.println("m.get("" + key + ""): "+ m.get(key));System.out.println("m.containsValue("" + value + ""): " + m.containsValue(value)); Map m2 = fill(new TreeMap(), testData2);m.putAll(m2);printKeys(m);m.remove(testData2[0][0]);printKeys(m);m.clear();System.out.println("m.isEmpty(): " + m.isEmpty());fill(m, testData1);// Operations on the Set change the Map:m.keySet().removeAll(m.keySet());System.out.println("m.isEmpty(): " + m.isEmpty());}public static void main(String args[]) {System.out.println("Testing HashMap");test(new HashMap());System.out.println("Testing TreeMap");test(new TreeMap());}} ///:~
printKeys(),printValues()以及print()方法并不只是有用的工具,它们也清楚地揭示了一个Map的Collection“景象”的产生过程。keySet()方法会产生一个Set,它由Map中的键后推得来。在这儿,它只被当作一个Collection对待。values()也得到了类似的对待,它的作用是产生一个List,其中包含了Map中的所有值(注意键必须是独一无二的,而值可以有重复)。由于这些Collection是由Map后推得到的,所以一个Collection中的任何改变都会在相应的Map中反映出来。
print()方法的作用是收集由entries产生的Iterator(反复器),并用它同时打印出每个“键-值”对的键和值。程序剩余的部分提供了每种Map操作的简单示例,并对每种类型的Map进行了测试。
当创建自己的类,将其作为Map中的一个键使用时,必须注意到和以前的Set相同的问题。